Putting money to work earlier allows more time for savings to grow

Millennials are more bullish than any other generation about their retirement savings, a major new study has found[1]. But with time on their side, should they be doing more?

Almost two fifths (38%) of millennial investors (aged between 18 and 37) globally are very confident they are saving enough now so they won’t run out of money in their retirement. That is more than 29% for Generation X (aged between 38 and 50) and 21% for Baby Boomers (aged between 51 and 70).

Bucking a common myth

Millennials say they are saving on average 15.9% (including employer contributions) of their income (wages plus any other earnings) specifically for their retirement. That too is more than Gen Xers (14.7%) and Baby Boomers (13.7%).

The results of the study appear to buck a common myth that millennials aren’t doing enough to save for their retirement. On the contrary, millennials appear to be saving a reasonable amount for their retirement, which is encouraging.

Miracle of compounding

The one thing that millennials have on their side over older generations is time, with up to 40 years or more until they are due to retire. Putting their money to work earlier allows more time for their savings to grow. It could also mean less of a scramble in the latter part of their careers if they have to make up shortfalls.

By starting early, millennials benefit more from the miracle of compounding – or, as Einstein called it, ‘the eighth wonder of the world’. Compounding involves earning a return not only on your original savings but also on the accumulated interest, or returns, earned on your past savings. That is why total contributions should be less the earlier you start saving, because you can earn returns on returns over a longer period.

Factors to consider

There are, of course, other factors to consider. Returns are by no means guaranteed, and careers can fluctuate too. Still, millennials are doing more than most when it comes to saving for retirement.

GIS 2019 found that millennials are saving more than the average non-retired investor aged 38 and above in most (20 out of 32) of the locations in which they live. Belgium (+9.0%), Austria (+8.5%) and Portugal (+5.3%) were the three locations where the disparity was highest between what millennials and non-millennials were saving, on average.

Source data:
[1] Schroders Global Investor Study (GIS) 2019, gathered from views of more than 25,000 investors in 32 locations around the world.

Self-employed business owners face unique challenges

Saving for retirement can be more challenging when you are self-employed, as there is no one to organise a pension for you and no employer making contributions on your behalf. On top of that, self-employed workers often don’t have a regular income, so many will focus on setting aside money as a safety net if they cannot work.

New research shows[1] that some self-employed workers are heading towards a pension saving crisis as they cannot afford to save for their retirement.

Less comfortable retirement

The nationwide study found more than two fifths (43%) of those working for themselves admit they do not have a pension, compared to just 4% of those in employment – a key reason is that 36% of the self-employed say they cannot afford to save for retirement.

Self-employed workers now make up 15.1% of the UK workforce, with more than 4.8 million people working for themselves[2], but the research found they are heading for a less comfortable retirement with many not planning to stop work.

Day-to-day emergencies

Around one in three (31%) say they will be relying entirely on the State Pension to fund their retirement, while 28% will be reliant on their business to provide the income they need.

Self-employed workers are savers, but the research found they are more focused on day-to-day emergencies than the long term of retirement. Two thirds (64%) of the self-employed save to build up a safety net in case of an emergency, in comparison with 57% of those in employment.

More complex requirements

Just one in ten self-employed people receive professional advice from a financial adviser regularly, despite having potentially more complex requirements than someone in employment. One in five (19%) are not confident with money and financial matters, while a quarter (24%) worry that they do not know enough about money.

All this adds up to an advice gap when it comes to the importance of pensions for the self-employed, as 20% admit they do not take pension saving seriously as they do not think it applies to them.

No one wants to work forever

Saving for a pension is still important, as no one wants to work forever. And no matter what your employment status, having money to fund your retirement is essential, as the State Pension is unlikely to be enough to fund a comfortable retirement.

The earlier you start contributing to a pension, the bigger your retirement pot should eventually be, as your money will have a longer chance to grow, and you will have paid more in over a longer period. The more you can save, the greater the chance you will enjoy a financially comfortable retirement when you stop work.

Source data:
[1] Consumer Intelligence conducted an independent online survey for Prudential between 20 and 21 June 2018 among 1,178 UK adults

[2] https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinworkemploymentandemployeetypes/articles/trendsinselfemploymentintheuk/2018-02-07

Plan for the future you want

Early retirement is no longer defined as the moment when you stop working forever. For many people, it’s simply the moment when you no longer have to work for money. But this also means being in a financial position to choose to keep working if you enjoy what you’re doing.

Retiring at 55 is an attainable target if you start early and develop a sound financial plan. It’s worth remembering there’s a big difference doing work you love or a job that you could leave if you get tired of it, because you have the financial freedom and flexibility that saving up enough money can give you.

Lifestyle and spending habits

So the question is, ‘How do you know how much money is enough to last through your golden years if you want to retire early?’ The answer is a highly personal one and depends on your lifestyle and spending habits.

For many people, early retirement means being able to make the shift from work they have to do to work they want to do. Taking an early retirement appeals to many people unsurprisingly, but making it a reality requires careful consideration and a well-thought-out approach to retirement planning.

Maximising your income

Working towards an early retirement strategy is built on maximising your income – how much money you’re making; expenses – how much money you’re spending; and saving – how much money you’re saving and investing.

Can you access the State Pension, the pension you receive from the state? The answer is ‘no’ if you want to retire early; the age at which you can receive your State Pension is changing for both men and women depending on when you were born.

Feeling under-prepared

Your State Pension will not be available to claim at 55, so do not include this when working out your income for the first part of your retirement. In the UK, the State Pension age will rise for both men and women until it reaches 66 in October this year and 67 between 2026 and 2028. However, 46% of UK workers, according to research[1], who are currently aged 55 and over say they feel under-prepared for their retirement.

For some people who want to wave goodbye to the 9 to 5 grind and retire early, it may seem like a pipe dream. The good news is that you can usually access private pensions from the age of 55, which makes it an age often associated with retirement. However, retiring early may affect both your private or company pension.

Assets to produce income

The rules for private and company pensions vary, depending on who provides them. We can help you to check this to see how early retirement could affect your own situation. But if you do intend to retire at 55, you will need your assets to produce income for a longer period than someone who retires later.

It means developing an accurate projection of what you think you will spend each year. Then you can compare that to the sources of retirement income you think you’ll have available to you.

Opportunity to grow

The benefit of starting a pension early on and contributing to it regularly means you’re able to take advantage of the compounding effect. Compound interest causes your wealth to snowball and allows you to earn interest on top of both your savings and existing interest, and it accumulates over time, meaning the longer you save, the more your pension has the opportunity to grow.

It makes a sum of money grow at a faster rate than simple interest, because in addition to earning returns on the money you invest, you also earn returns on those returns at the end of every compounding period, which could be daily, monthly, quarterly or annually.

Comfortable lifestyle

If you’re looking to retire at 55, you’re much more likely to have the comfortable retirement you dream of if you started saving for it early in adult life. Otherwise, you may wish to increase the contributions into your pension pot so you can meet the level of income you will need for a comfortable lifestyle.

So how much will you need when you retire? One way of estimating how much you’ll need is by referring to the widely used ’70%’ rule, which states that you’ll require 70% of your working income to maintain the same level lifestyle.

Unexpected costs

Whilst this gives you a good idea of the amount you’ll require when considering retirement, you may find that you’ll need more or less. You should consider what you plan to do in retirement and account for unexpected costs, such as long-term care, as these will need to be factored in to help you estimate your retirement costs.

Creating an overall budget and living costs as well as other expenditure you’d like to plan for, such as holidays, will further help you reach a more realistic retirement target figure. If you’re planning to retire early, your money will need to last longer, therefore it’s important to account for the extra years.

Pension tax relief

The Government automatically adds basic-rate tax relief of 20% to pension contributions. If you pay tax at the higher rate, the tax relief percentage increases to up to 45%, depending on your income. It’s important to double check that you’re claiming pension tax relief. If you have a personal pension, and you’re a higher or additional-rate taxpayer, you will need to complete a self-assessment tax return to receive the extra relief due.

It’s worth bearing in mind that the annual allowance gives you £40,000 as the maximum amount you can pay into your pension(s) each year and get tax relief on. It’s possible to use ‘carry forward’ to reduce your tax charge if you go over the annual allowance limit by carrying forward unused annual allowances from the last three years. There are conditions to using carry forward that need to be met, and pensions rules can change.

Withdrawing income

When and how you can withdraw from a pension will depend on the type of pension you have, your personal circumstances and your retirement goals. At 55, you can choose to take your pension as a lump sum (once or periodically), as an income (an annuity that provides guaranteed income) or as a mix of both.

How you choose to draw your income is up to you, with 25% available as a tax-free lump sum, and the rest taxed. Withdrawing your income is a crucial decision that you often cannot go back on once it’s made, so be sure to only make your choices after weighing up your options carefully.

Data source:
[1] 2019 Close Brothers Financial Wellbeing Index – https://www.finder.com/uk/pension-statistics

INFORMATION IS BASED ON OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF TAXATION LEGISLATION AND REGULATIONS. ANY LEVELS AND BASES OF, AND RELIEFS FROM, TAXATION ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE.

TAX RULES ARE COMPLICATED, SO YOU SHOULD ALWAYS OBTAIN PROFESSIONAL ADVICE.
A PENSION IS A LONG-TERM INVESTMENT.
THE FUND VALUE MAY FLUCTUATE AND CAN GO DOWN, WHICH WOULD HAVE AN IMPACT ON THE LEVEL OF PENSION BENEFITS AVAILABLE. PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT A RELIABLE INDICATOR OF FUTURE PERFORMANCE.

PENSIONS ARE NOT NORMALLY ACCESSIBLE UNTIL AGE 55. YOUR PENSION INCOME COULD ALSO BE AFFECTED BY INTEREST RATES AT THE TIME YOU TAKE YOUR BENEFITS. THE TAX IMPLICATIONS OF PENSION WITHDRAWALS WILL BE BASED ON YOUR INDIVIDUAL CIRCUMSTANCES, TAX LEGISLATION AND REGULATION, WHICH ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE IN THE FUTURE.

Calculating the value of financial advice

Quantifying the value of financial advice has always been a challenge because people who receive financial advice have different characteristics to those who do not. But what if it was now possible to quantify the value of financial advice and isolate a pure ‘advice effect’? This is exactly what the researchers at the International Longevity Centre – UK (ILC) have been able to calculate.

What it’s worth

The new research[1], ‘What it’s worth: Revisiting the value of financial advice’ from the ILC suggests that, holding other factors constant, those who received advice around the turn of the century were on average over £47,000 better off a decade later than those who did not.

This result comes from detailed analysis of the Government’s Wealth and Assets Survey, which has tracked the wealth of thousands of people over two yearly ‘waves’ since 2004 to 2006. The wealth uplift from advice comprises an extra £31,000 of pension wealth and over £16,000 extra in non-pension financial wealth.

Impact of taking advice

One of the key findings from the research is that the proportionate impact of taking advice is greater for those of more modest means. For the ‘affluent’ group identified in the research, the uplift from taking advice is an extra 24% in financial wealth compared with 35% for the non-affluent group. On pension wealth, the uplift is 11% for the affluent group compared with 24% for the non-affluent.

An important explanation for the improved outcomes for those who take advice is that they are more likely to invest in assets which offer greater returns (though with higher risk). Across the whole sample, the impact of taking advice is to add around eight percentage points to the probability of investing in equities.

Larger pension pots

The research also found that those who were still taking advice at the end of the period had pension pots on average 50% higher than those who had only taken advice at the beginning of the period. However, this result is not controlled for other differences in characteristics, so may at least in part reflect greater engagement by those who have larger pension pots.

International Longevity Centre Director, David Sinclair, commented: ‘The simple fact is that those who take advice are likely to be richer in retirement. But it is still the case that far too many people who take out investments and pensions do not use financial advice. And only a minority of the population has seen a financial adviser.’

Source data:
[1] ‘What it’s worth: Revisiting the value of financial advice’ was published on 28 November 2019 at http://www.ilcuk.org.uk and http://www.royallondon.com/policy-papers.

INFORMATION IS BASED ON OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF TAXATION LEGISLATION AND REGULATIONS. ANY LEVELS AND BASES OF, AND RELIEFS FROM, TAXATION ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE.

THE VALUE OF INVESTMENTS AND INCOME FROM THEM MAY GO DOWN. YOU MAY NOT GET BACK THE ORIGINAL AMOUNT INVESTED.

PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT A RELIABLE INDICATOR OF FUTURE PERFORMANCE.

What rising life expectancy could mean for you

We know that age is just a number, and for different people it means different things. It’s also a phrase used by some people who oppose age restrictions. In the UK, 65 years of age has traditionally been taken as the marker for the start of older age, most likely because it was the official retirement age for men and the age at which they could draw their State Pension.

No longer an official retirement age

In terms of working patterns, age 65 years as the start of older age is out of date. There is no longer an official retirement age, State Pension age is rising, and increasing numbers of people work past the age of 65 years.

People are also living longer, healthier lives according to the latest findings from the Office for National Statistics[1]. In 2018, a man aged 65 could expect to live for another 18.6 years, while a woman could expect to live for 21 more years. So, on average, at age 65 years, women still have a quarter of their lives left to live and men just over one fifth.

Start of older age has shifted

An important further consideration is that age 65 years is not directly comparable over time; someone aged 65 years today has different characteristics, particularly in terms of their health and life expectancy, than someone the same age a century ago.

In a number of respects, it could be argued that the start of older age has shifted, but how might this be determined? Should we just move the threshold on a few years – is age 70 really the new age 65? Or, might there be a better way of determining the start of older age?

Population projected to continue to age

At a population level, ageing is measured by an increase in the number and proportion of those aged 65 years and over and an increase in median age (the age at which half the population is younger and half older).

On both of these measures, the population has aged and is projected to continue to age. In 2018, there were 11.9 million residents in Great Britain aged 65 years and over, representing 18% of the total population. This compares with the middle of the 20th century (1950) when there were 5.3 million people of this age, accounting for 10.8% of the population.

Oldest old are the fastest-growing age group

Looking ahead to the middle of this century, there are projected to be 17.7 million people aged 65 years and over (24.8% of the population). The oldest old are the fastest-growing age group, with the numbers of those aged 85 years and over projected to double from 1.6 million in 2018 to 3.6 million by 2050 (5% of the population).
The balance of older and younger people in the population has also tipped more towards older people, reflected in a rising median age up from 34 years in 1950 to 40 years in 2018. By the middle of this century, it is projected that median age will reach 43 years.

Source data:
[1] Office for National Statistics – November 2019

Time to explore your ISA options?

An Individual Savings Account (ISA) enables you to save in a simple, tax-efficient way, while generally giving you instant access to your money. This gives you short, medium and long-term saving options, and with the end of the current tax year not too far away, it’s important to make the most of your annual tax-free ISA allowance.

UK residents aged 16 or over can save up to £20,000 a year (for the 2019/20 tax year) into a Cash ISA. Those aged 18 or over can save in a Cash or Stocks & Shares ISA, or combination of ISAs.

Tax-efficient wrapper

ISAs are a very tax-efficient wrapper in which you can buy, hold and sell investments. For any ISA contributions to count for the current tax year, you must save or invest by 5 April.

Also, don’t forget that any unused ISA allowance can’t be rolled over into a subsequent tax year, so if you don’t use it, you’ve lost it forever. Even though you’ll receive a new allowance for the next tax year, you are not permitted to contribute anything towards a previous ISA.

Types of ISA options

• Cash ISAs – these are savings accounts that are tax-free, with the maximum allowable contribution set at £20,000 in the current tax year
• Junior ISAs – these are tax-free savings accounts in which under-18s can save or invest maximum contributions up to £4,368 in the current tax year
• Stocks & Shares ISAs – these are investments that are classed as tax-efficient, with the maximum allowable contribution set at £20,000 in the current tax year
• Innovative Finance ISAs – these are peer- to-peer lending investments that are classed as tax-efficient, with the maximum allowable contribution set at £20,000 in the current tax year. However, they are considered high risk, and it may not be possible to get your money out quickly. Some may not be protected by the Financial Services Compensation Scheme
• Lifetime ISAs – these can be either classed as savings (tax-free) or investments (tax-efficient). You must be aged between 18 to 39, and the maximum allowable contribution is set at £4,000 in the current tax year
• Help to Buy: ISAs – these were set up to help those saving for their first home and were only available to new savers until 30 November 2019. Existing savers can continue saving, although they must claim their government bonus by 1 December 2030.

Key elements

Goals, time horizon, risk and diversification are key elements to consider when saving and investing. You could put all the £20,000 into a Cash ISA, or invest it in a Stocks & Shares ISA or an Innovative Finance ISA. Alternatively, you could split your allowance between Cash ISAs, Stocks & Shares ISAs, Lifetime ISAs or Innovative Finance ISAs, depending on your specific situation and requirements.

If you are not sure what to invest in, you could temporarily hold your annual ISA allowance in cash in the short term and invest thereafter. However, cash is not good for the long term because inflation has the potential to erode its value.

Transfer investments

If you don’t have £20,000 in new money to invest, you could transfer investments outside a tax-efficient wrapper into an ISA.
ISAs can also be passed on death to a surviving spouse or registered civil partner. The surviving spouse is entitled to an additional, one-off ISA allowance, equal to the value of the deceased’s ISA holdings. This enables the surviving spouse to effectively re-shelter assets which were in a spouse’s ISA into an ISA in their own name.

INFORMATION IS BASED ON OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF TAXATION LEGISLATION AND REGULATIONS. ANY LEVELS AND BASES OF, AND RELIEFS FROM, TAXATION ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE.

THE TAX BENEFITS RELATING TO ISA INVESTMENTS MAY NOT BE MAINTAINED.
THE VALUE OF INVESTMENTS AND INCOME FROM THEM MAY GO DOWN. YOU MAY NOT GET BACK THE ORIGINAL AMOUNT INVESTED.

PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT A RELIABLE INDICATOR OF FUTURE PERFORMANCE.

Retirees now have a whole host of new options

The pension freedoms, introduced on 6 April 2015, have given retirees a whole host of new options. There is no longer a compulsory requirement to purchase an annuity (a guaranteed income for life) when you retire. The introduction of pension freedoms brought about fundamental changes to the way we can access our pension savings.

There is now much greater flexibility around how you take your benefits from Money Purchase Pension (Defined Contribution) schemes, which include Self-Invested Personal Pensions (SIPPs).

How pensions can be taken has become dramatically relaxed

Since the rules governing how pensions can be taken have been dramatically relaxed, more people are using pension freedoms to access their retirement savings, but the amount they are individually withdrawing has continued to fall, according to the latest data from HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC).

Pension freedoms have given retirees considerable flexibility over how they draw an income or withdraw lump sums from their accumulated retirement savings. There is no doubt the pension freedoms have been hugely popular. Figures published on 30 October last year show that £30 billion[1] has been withdrawn by savers since the pension freedoms were introduced in 2015.

Average withdrawals have been falling steadily and consistently

The quarterly numbers from HMRC cover money that has been withdrawn flexibly from pensions. Members of defined contribution pension schemes can access their pension savings early, provided they have reached the normal minimum pension age (currently 55). The figures for the third quarter last year show that £2.4 billion was withdrawn from pensions flexibly – a 21% increase from £2 billion in the third quarter of 2018.

The average amount withdrawn per individual in the third quarter of 2019 was £7,250, falling by 5% from £7,600 in the third quarter of 2018. The Government says that since reporting became mandatory in 2016, average withdrawals have been falling steadily and consistently, with peaks in the second quarter of each year.

What are your retirement options to consider?

Leave your pension pot untouched for now and take the money later

It’s up to you when you take your money. You might have reached the normal retirement date under the scheme or received a pack from your pension provider, but that doesn’t mean you have to take the money now. If you delay taking your pension until a later date, your pot continues to grow tax-free, potentially providing more income once you access it. If you do not take your money, we can check the investments and charges under the contract.

Receive a guaranteed income (annuity)

You can use your whole pension pot, or part of it, to buy an annuity. It typically gives you a regular and guaranteed income. You can normally withdraw up to a quarter (25%) of your pot as a one-off tax-free lump sum, then convert the rest into an annuity, providing a taxable income for life. Some older policies may allow you to take more than 25% as tax-free cash – we can review this with your pension provider. There are different lifetime annuity options and features to choose from that affect how much income you would get.

Receive an adjustable income (flexi-access drawdown)

With this option, you can normally take up to 25% (a quarter) of your pension pot, or the amount you allocate for drawdown, as a tax-free lump sum, then re-invest the rest into funds designed to provide you with a regular taxable income. You set the income you want, though this might be adjusted periodically depending on the performance of your investments. Unlike with a lifetime annuity, your income isn’t guaranteed for life – so you need to manage your investments carefully.

Take cash in lump sums (drawdown)

How much of your money you take and when is up to you. You can use your existing pension pot to take cash as and when you need it and leave the rest untouched, where it can continue to grow tax-free. For each cash withdrawal, normally the first 25% (quarter) is tax-free, and the rest counts as taxable income. There might be charges each time you make a cash withdrawal and/or limits on how many withdrawals you can make each year. There are also tax implications to consider that we can discuss with you.

Cash in your whole pot in one go

You can do this, but there are important things you need to think about. There are clear tax implications if you withdraw all of your money from a pension. Taking your whole pot as cash could mean you end up with a large tax bill – for most people, it will be more tax-efficient to use one of the other options. Cashing in your pension pot will also not give you a secure retirement income.

Mix your options

You don’t have to choose one option. Instead, you can mix them over time or over your total pot when deciding how to access your pension. You can mix and match as you like, and take cash and income at different times to suit your needs. You can also keep saving into a pension if you wish, and get tax relief up to age 75. τ

Think carefully before making any choices

The pension flexibilities may have given retirees more options, but they’re also very complicated, and it’s important to think carefully before making any choices that you can’t undo in the future. Withdrawing unsustainable sums from your pensions could also dramatically increase the risk of running out of money in your retirement. To discuss your options, talk to us at a time that suits you.

Source data:
[1] https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/841958/Pension_Flexibility_Statistics_Oct_2019.pdf

INFORMATION IS BASED ON OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF TAXATION LEGISLATION AND REGULATIONS. ANY LEVELS AND BASES OF, AND RELIEFS FROM, TAXATION ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE.

TAX RULES ARE COMPLICATED, SO YOU SHOULD ALWAYS OBTAIN PROFESSIONAL ADVICE.

A PENSION IS A LONG-TERM INVESTMENT.

THE FUND VALUE MAY FLUCTUATE AND CAN GO DOWN, WHICH WOULD HAVE AN IMPACT ON THE LEVEL OF PENSION BENEFITS AVAILABLE. PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT A RELIABLE INDICATOR OF FUTURE PERFORMANCE.

PENSIONS ARE NOT NORMALLY ACCESSIBLE UNTIL AGE 55. YOUR PENSION INCOME COULD ALSO BE AFFECTED BY INTEREST RATES AT THE TIME YOU TAKE YOUR BENEFITS. THE TAX IMPLICATIONS OF PENSION WITHDRAWALS WILL BE BASED ON YOUR INDIVIDUAL CIRCUMSTANCES, TAX LEGISLATION AND REGULATION, WHICH ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE IN THE FUTURE.

ACCESSING PENSION BENEFITS EARLY MAY IMPACT ON LEVELS OF RETIREMENT INCOME AND YOUR ENTITLEMENT TO CERTAIN MEANS TESTED BENEFITS AND IS NOT SUITABLE FOR EVERYONE. YOU SHOULD SEEK ADVICE TO UNDERSTAND YOUR OPTIONS AT RETIREMENT.

Planning ahead helps ensure that you’re on track

You work hard to enjoy your current lifestyle, but are you doing enough to ensure that you will continue to enjoy it in retirement? Many of us live for today, but saving into a private pension plan can help you retire sooner rather than later.

The term ‘private pension’ covers both workplace pensions (also known as ‘occupational’ or ‘company’ schemes), arranged by your employer; and ‘personal pensions’, which you manage yourself. There is no restriction on how many pensions you can have, and some people will have both.

Am I still saving enough for retirement according to my current circumstances?

Private pensions, often referred to as ‘personal pensions’, provide a way for you to save for retirement so that you’ll have an income to supplement the amount you’ll receive from the State Pension.

They are generally ‘defined contribution’ plans, which means any payments you make are invested. The amount you end up with at retirement depends not only on how much you’ve paid in, but also on how your investments have performed and the level of charges. We can assess your current retirement goals and calculate the target level of income you’ll require to achieve them.

Don’t forget: if you have a workplace private pension, both you and your employer will make contributions, boosting the amount you end up with at retirement.

Can I rely on the State Pension to provide a substantial income in retirement?

The State Pension is a regular income paid by the UK Government to people who have reached State Pension age. The State Pension changed on 6 April 2016. If you reached the State Pension age on or after this date, you’ll now be getting the new State Pension under the new rules.

The new State Pension is designed to be simpler than the old system. The new scheme pays up to £168.60 a week (as of 2019/20). It’s possible you may receive more or less than this amount.

To receive £168.60, you must have a National Insurance (NI) contributions record for 35 years. If not, the amount you receive will be proportionate. If you have less than 10 years’ NI contributions, you won’t receive any State Pension. You can pay more to make up for any shortfall in your NI contribution record.

You may receive less if you opted out of the additional State Pension scheme, or ‘SERPS’. This scheme ended in April 2016. If you were in a pension scheme or personal pension plan before this date, this may apply to you.

If you were entitled to a higher pension under the previous State Pension scheme, you’ll still receive this. If you don’t claim your State Pension in the year you reach State Pension age, it will be increased when you do take it. For each year you delay, it increases by almost 5.8%.

The State Pension is unlikely to provide a substantial income in retirement. That’s where a private pension can make a big difference.

Am I making the most of pension tax relief?

One major benefit of contributing to a pension is the boost your contributions will receive from tax relief. Pension providers can claim basic-rate tax relief at 20% on behalf of savers. So for every £80 you contribute, £100 will be invested into your pension. You receive tax relief on private pension contributions worth up to 100% of your annual earnings.

Tax relief is paid on your pension contributions at the highest rate of Income Tax you pay. If you’re a higher or additional-rate taxpayer, you must claim back the additional 20% or 25% on top of the basic 20% via your self-assessment tax return. If you don’t claim it, you won’t receive it.

Tax relief in England, Wales or Northern Ireland:

• Basic-rate taxpayers get 20% pension tax relief
• Higher-rate taxpayers can claim 40% pension tax relief
• Additional-rate taxpayers can claim 45% pension tax relief

In Scotland, Income Tax is banded differently, and pension tax relief is applied in a slightly alternative way:

• Starter-rate taxpayers pay 19% Income Tax but get 20% pension tax relief
• Basic-rate taxpayers pay 20% Income Tax and get 20% pension tax relief
• Intermediate-rate taxpayers pay 21% Income Tax and can claim 21% pension tax relief
• Higher-rate taxpayers pay 41% Income Tax and can claim 41% pension tax relief
• Top-rate taxpayers pay 46% Income Tax and can claim 46% pension tax relief

How much more should I be saving for retirement?

Generally speaking, the more you save, the more you can expect to get back. You can choose to save as much as you can afford. If you want to, you could save up to 100% of your earnings into your pension each tax year. However, there’s an upper limit on the amount that you can save into pensions each tax year.

This is known as the ‘annual allowance’, which is currently £40,000 in the 2019/20 tax year. If you go over this amount, a 40% tax charge will apply. Obtaining professional financial advice will ensure that you are contributing the correct amounts based on your retirement goals.

Will there be limits on the value of payouts from my pensions?

The lifetime allowance is a limit on the value of payouts from your pension schemes – whether lump sums or retirement income – that can be made without triggering an extra tax charge.

But the regular contributions you and your employer make into pensions, plus the fact investments in pensions grow free of tax typically over a long time, can result in your pensions growing above the lifetime allowance.

The lifetime allowance for most people is £1,055,000 in the tax year 2019/20. It applies to the total of all the pensions you have, including the value of pensions promised through any defined benefit schemes you belong to, but excluding your State Pension. The standard lifetime allowance is indexed annually in line with the Consumer Prices Index (CPI).

Any amount over your lifetime allowance that you take as a lump sum is taxed at 55%, and any amount over your lifetime allowance that you take as a regular retirement income – for instance, by buying an annuity – attracts a lifetime allowance charge of 25%.

How can I make the most of my pension pot when I retire?

How long your pension pot lasts will depend on the choices you make. From age 55, there are three main ways you can take your money. You can take your tax-free money first, take a combination of tax-free and taxable money, or take a guaranteed income for life. You could also take a combination of these three, or simply do nothing at all.

Each of the main options usually allows you to take up to 25% of your pot tax-free. You might also need to pay tax on the remaining 75% of your pension pot, depending on your circumstances and the options you choose. Tax rules can also change in the future.

The ways to access your tax-free money, and the remainder of your pension pot, are very different on each of the options though.

INFORMATION IS BASED ON OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF TAXATION LEGISLATION AND REGULATIONS. ANY LEVELS AND BASES OF, AND RELIEFS FROM, TAXATION ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE.

TAX RULES ARE COMPLICATED, SO YOU SHOULD ALWAYS OBTAIN PROFESSIONAL ADVICE.

A PENSION IS A LONG-TERM INVESTMENT.

THE FUND VALUE MAY FLUCTUATE AND CAN GO DOWN, WHICH WOULD HAVE AN IMPACT ON THE LEVEL OF PENSION BENEFITS AVAILABLE. PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT A RELIABLE INDICATOR OF FUTURE PERFORMANCE.

PENSIONS ARE NOT NORMALLY ACCESSIBLE UNTIL AGE 55. YOUR PENSION INCOME COULD ALSO BE AFFECTED BY INTEREST RATES AT THE TIME YOU TAKE YOUR BENEFITS. THE TAX IMPLICATIONS OF PENSION WITHDRAWALS WILL BE BASED ON YOUR INDIVIDUAL CIRCUMSTANCES, TAX LEGISLATION AND REGULATION, WHICH ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE IN THE FUTURE.